http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/30072 2026-10-09T20:56:13Z http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/30096 Title: <span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">Process optimization of sandalwood (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Santalum album</i>) oil extraction by subcritical carbon dioxide and conventional techniques</span> Authors: Nautiyal, Omprakash H Abstract: Sandalwood oil has been extracted using subcritical state carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) at 200 bars and 28^oC using the two experimental conditions, and the fractionation of the extract is analyzed intermittently. Comparative studies with regards to extraction using steam distillation, hydro distillation, soxhlet extraction and pre-treatment studies have also been carried out. All these studies reveal that the subcritical carbon dioxide extraction is much more efficient in terms of physical properties of the oil as compared to commercial sandalwood oil. Acid value of the liquid CO₂ extracted oil is found to be the best next to the value of ethyl alcohol extracted oil. SC-CO₂ yields 4.11% of oil in the first hour, 1.21% in second hour, 0.89% in third hour and 0.30% finally in the fourth hour. The first hour gives α-santalene (0.55%), β-santalene (1.30%), α-santalol (51.30%), β-santalene (27.94%); second hour gives 0.48, 1.08, 54.50, 28.16% third and fourth hour give 1.00, 1.92, 50.27, 26.18% and 1.14, 2.17, 51.99, 26.76% respectively. Benzene extraction yields 3.01% of an absolute out of 6.30 g of concrete, diethyl ether yields 2.58% of an absolute out of 5.25 g of concrete, EtOH yields 3.70% of an absolute out of 10.90 g of concrete (under the 5 hour of process time). Hydro distillation (alkaline treated) yields 2.68% of sandalwood oil in 48 h, steam distillation gives 1.60% of sandalwood oil in 10 h of process time. Yield of 4.11% is obtained by SC-CO₂ only. Page(s): 290-297 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/30095 Title: Role of Al₂O₃ nano additive in GSOBiodiesel on the working characteristics of a CI engine Authors: Karthikeyan, S; Elango, A; Silaimani, S M; Prathima, A Abstract: The role of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using when alumina oxide nano additive blended with grape seed methyl ester (GSOME) as a fuel has been studied. Biodiesels are produced from grape seed oil by transesterification process. The fuel properties of D80B20 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME), D80B20Al₂O₃50 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME + 50ppm Al₂O₃ nano particles) and D80B20 Al₂O₃100 (80% Diesel + 20% GSOME + 100ppm Al₂O₃ nano particles) have been studied and compared according to ASTM standard test methods for biodiesel. The acquired data are studied for various parameters, such as brake power, breakthermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, and exhaust emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen gases. Page(s): 285-289 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/30094 Title: Sonochemical degradation of organic dyes using sulphate radicals activated by immobilized iron Authors: Vidhyalakshmi, C; Raji, R Jeevitha; Palanivelu, K Abstract: Sonochemical decolourisation of two categories of dyes namely anionic Acid Red 2 and cationic Rhodamine B has been investigated using sulphate radicals activated by immobilized iron. The influence of operating variables, such as <i>p</i>H, persulphate dose, catalyst dose and contact time in the ultrasonication assisted decolourisation of dyes has been studied and optimized in bath type ultrasonicator. The decolourisation efficiency of bath type and horn type sonication is studied under optimized conditions. In bath type, the decolourisation efficiencies of Acid Red 2 and Rhodamine B are found to be 69% and 95% in 90 min and 15 min, whereas in horn type it is 83% and 96% in 10 min and 3 min respectively. The effect of passing aeration with bath type sonication is also studied, in which Rhodamine B is found to decolourise at a faster rate on comparing the sonication alone. Studies on the leachability and reusability of catalyst are also conducted for each process. Among the processes, horn type sonication is found to be more effective than the bath type sonication-coupled-aeration and bath type sonication. Page(s): 280-284 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/30093 Title: Effect of operating parameters and titanium source on photodegradation of phenol Authors: Pozan, Gulin Selda; Kambur, Ayca Abstract: Nanocrystalline TiO₂ catalystshave been successfully prepared by a sol-gel process. The results indicate that the reaction parameters and titanium source (titanium isopropoxid, titanium tetrachloride and titanium tetrabutoxide) affect the photocatalytic activity. The materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller techniques. TiO₂ particle <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">prepared using TiCl₄ is found to be the most active catalyst forphotodecomposition of phenol under UV light. TiO₂(TiCl₄-600) shows the highest reaction rate (0.62 <span style="mso-fareast-language: TR;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB">mg L^-1min^-1) and 100% mineralization of phenol is achieved within 2 h. <span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-TT" lang="EN-TT">Also, the catalytic activity of TiO₂(TiCl₄-600) is found to be higher than Degussa P-25 photocatalyst. <span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-TT" lang="EN-TT">The photocatalytic performances are in the order TiO₂(TiCl₄-600) > TiO₂(TB-600) > TiO₂(TIP-600). Anatase form of TiO₂ is more effective for photodegradation of phenol. </span></span></span></span> Page(s): 272-279 2014-07-01T00:00:00Z