NOPR Collection:

SPM is the Major Pollution in Open Cast Mining - A Case Study

Tue, 01 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT

Title: SPM is the Major Pollution in Open Cast Mining - A Case Study Authors: Banerjee, G K; Srivastava, K K; Chakraborty, M K Abstract: Presents the emission factors of the twelve open cast mining activities, identified as the most significant sources of air pollution in and around the mining areas. The Pasquil and Gifford formula has been used to compute the emission rates for the ground level emissions. The findings of the study reveal that haul roads and transport roads are contributing maximum of SPM concentration among all other mining activities. The total emission rate of the haul roads and transport roads is 2.3749 g/s, whereas the grand total of the emission rate from overall mining activities is 25.7117 g/s. Moreover, it is found that the emission rates of NO_X and SO₂ are very negligible, which are only 0.7813 g/s and 1.2785 g/s, respectively. The emission rates of SPM, NO_X and SO₂ due to overall mining activities of the open cast mining are compared through a pie diagram. Finally, the study concludes that the SPM is the major problem of an open cast mining and it can be controlled through immediate short-term and long-term biological control measures. Page(s): 416-420

IR, XRD and SEM Studies to Elucidate the Mechanism of Azo Dye Sorption Interaction with Coal Based Adsorbents and Activated Carbon from Aqueous Phase

Tue, 01 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT

Title: IR, XRD and SEM Studies to Elucidate the Mechanism of Azo Dye Sorption Interaction with Coal Based Adsorbents and Activated Carbon from Aqueous Phase Authors: Mohan, S Venkata; Mohan, S Krishna; Karthikeyan, J Abstract: Adsorption interaction of acid azo dye sorption onto coal based sorbent and activated carbon form aqueous phase was investigated using IR, X-ray diffraction, and SEM techniques. IR studies revealed the participation of some of the surface functional groups in the adsorption interaction. X-ray diffraction studies exhibited the increase in crystalline nature of the loaded sorbents compared to the unloaded sorbents. SE micrograms revealed the morphological observations of the unloaded sorbents and thereby changes in the loaded sorbents indicating the participation of the porous network of the sorbents in the sorption interaction. Page(s): 410-415

Changes in Dry Matter Digestibility and Composition of Bioconverted Mustard Biomass by two Pleurotus spp. Under Mushroom Growing Conditions

Tue, 01 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Changes in Dry Matter Digestibility and Composition of Bioconverted Mustard Biomass by two Pleurotus spp. Under Mushroom Growing Conditions Authors: Mukherjee, R; Nandi, B Abstract: Two species of white rot fungi, Pleurotus florida and P. citrinopileatus were grown on haulms of brassica plant for fruit body production as well as for studying suitability of the spent substrate as ruminant feed. The degrading capacity of these two species as well as production efficiency of fruit bodies and possible use of the resulting highly digestible protein enriched spent substrate as ruminant feed following fungal fermentation, were investigated. Biological efficiency was found to be higher in biomass inoculated with P. florida (96.6 per cent) than that with P. citrinopileatus (85.1 percent ). Loss of organic matter was, however, highest in sets inoculated with P. citrinopileatus than that with P. florida after all three degradation periods showing maximum after third flush. Bioconverted spent substrate after first flush was superior in chemical composition as well as digestibility as ruminant feed when compared to that after spawning period and third flush. After all three periods, preferential degradation of hemicellulose (maximum 40.1 ± 0.5 per cent d w by P. citrinopileatus) over cellulose and lignin were observed, and delignification was highest by florida (33.1 ± 0.2 per cent d w) than by P. citrinopileatus (27.9 ± 0.6 percent d w) after third flush. Crude protein of the bioconverted substrate increased up to the spawning period (higher value of 7.8 ± 0.4 per cent d w by P.florida), but decreased thereafter. Protein enriched spent substrate following the ‘low cost production’ of the edible mushrooms, parti cularly after first flush, resulted improvement of dry matter digestibility, more so by P. florida (+25.3 per cent for IVCD, +28.9 per cent for IVRD) than by P. citrinopileatus (+23.1 per cent for IVCD, +25.8 per cent for IVRD). Results of this study proved P. florida to be more biologically efficient and effective delignifier organism for the production of highly digestible mycoproteinrich fermented ruminant feed than P.citrinopileatus. Page(s): 405-409

Gas Chromatographic Determination of 1,4-Dioxane in Benzene

Tue, 01 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Gas Chromatographic Determination of 1,4-Dioxane in Benzene Authors: Pundlik, M D; Sitharaman, B; Kaur, Inderjit Abstract: The term ‘petrochemicals’ implies the basic chemicals derived from refinery petroleum cuts. They are produced by the separation of the byproducts from the cracking of hydrocarbon streams. The basic petrochemicals, which are produced in large volumes, are divided into two classes, olefins and aromatics. Olefins include ethylene, propylene and 1,3-butadiene. Aromatics such as benzene, toluene and xylenes are obtained from refinery and petrochemical light naphtha streams. Aromatics are produced in the reforming process and in stream cracking. Extraction or various extractive distillation processes are used to isolate and separate aromatics from the naphtha streams. Typical extraction processes are based on tetra- ethylene glycol, sulpholane, N,N’-methyl pyrrolidone or morpholine. They produce a mixture of aromatics that are subsequently separated by distillation. Glycols used in extraction processes contain small amounts of 1,4-dioxane, which gets distilled over with benzene when aromatics are separated by distillation. In view of the hazardous properties, it is necessary to determine the levels of 1,4-dioxane in glycols and benzene. Determination of 1,4-dioxane in glycols at low p p m levels has already been reported. The detailed studies carried out for the gas chromatographic determination of 1,4-dioxane in benzene including column selection and linearity are reported in the present communication. Page(s): 401-404