http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/64466 Tue, 20 Oct 2026 02:03:24 GMT 2026-10-20T02:03:24Z http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/64468 Title: The Urge to Establish Science-Based Swadeshi Industries: Struggle and Contribution Authors: DABRAL, HIMANKI; SINGH, RAMESH KUMAR; SINGH, ANU Abstract: India had a stable economy during Pre-colonial period accredited to self-sufficient agriculture, prospering trade, and rich traditional handicraft. Whereas during the colonial period India witnessed a massive change in its economic structure. The economic policies of British rule transformed India into a supplier of raw materials and consumer of finished industrial products manufactured in Britain. This strategy in turn leads tan o enormous loss of income and increased dependency on Britain rather than the up-gradation of systematic modernization of the domestic economy. With the growing urge to free India, the thought of economic independence was also instigated by 1890, which gained huge strength with the launch of the Swadeshi Movement in 1905 to boycott British goods and manufacture indigenous goods. Among various swadeshi industries, science-based industries like pharmaceuticals and chemicals were also nudged by the swadeshi movement. This was the time when the foundation of several Indian ventures like Bengal chemical, Margo soap, and pharmaceuticals was laid down that massively pushed the Indian economy and provided employment to Indians, moreover, this self-dependency accelerated the Independence Movement of India. Remarkable growth was observed in these swadeshi chemical and pharmaceutical industries Post-Independence due to the production of diverse product ranges and reformed government schemes, guidelines, and policies. Most of these industries still have great contributions to the present-day Indian economy. The present study aims to elaborate on the history of the establishment of swadeshi industries in the colonial time, the advancement achieved after independence, and their contribution to the present Indian economy. Page(s): 44-62 Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/64468 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/64467 Title: Mathematical luminaries of pre-independent India Authors: MISHRA, KUMAR GANDHARV Abstract: Among all the sciences, Mathematics seems to be the least talked, as the breakthroughs and discoveries in the world of mathematics are implicit and complex to communicate as compared to other sciences. Nevertheless, Mathematics (in an implicit way) plays the foundational role for development of other branch of sciences. As Indian scientists emerged on the global map during the last phase of colonial India, it becomes imperative to look at the development of mathematics during that period. Infact, in the 1920s Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Nobel Laureate, Physics) got inspired by the mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. Such was the impact of Ramanujan, who proved to be a source of immense morale among the demotivated science aspirants in the colonial era. Apart from Ramanujan, there were other mathematical luminaries in different roles (Mathematicians, Administrators and Historians) who worked for the propagation of mathematics and development of mathematical sciences in preindependent India. For example: mathematicians like Ganesh Prasad, K Anand Rau and T Vijayaraghavan made significant contributions in the field of pure mathematics; D R Kaprekar highlighted the field of recreational mathematics, and administrators and visionaries like Asutosh Mukherjee and V Ramaswamy Aiyar worked for the development of mathematical culture through institutions and societies. Credit also goes to historians of mathematics like Prabodh Chandra Sengupta, Bibhutibhushan Datta and Sudhakar Dvivedi who kept the ancient mathematics culture alive through their writings and inspired budding mathematicians to be aware of historical Indian contributions even in the colonial era. The paper is an attempt to highlight such luminaries in different roles. The paper talks about their contributions and their impact during the pre-independence period (especially around the beginning of the 20th century). Page(s): 63-78 Sun, 01 Sep 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/handle/123456789/64467 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z