Biological monitoring of lead and cadmium in human hair and nail and their correlations with biopsy materials, age and exposure

Abstract

Hair and fingernails of exposed and unexposed subjects were analyzed for their lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contents by atomic absorption spectrophotometer with graphite furnace and air-acetylene flame. Hair and nail Pb concentrations in occupationally exposed subjects ranged between 1.020-409.726 and 8.130-765.306 µg/g and in environmentally unexposed subjects 0.123-25.160 and 1.076-65.613 µg/g, respectively. Similarly, hair and nail Cd concentrations in occupationally exposed subjects ranged between 0.014-22.086 and 0.214-35.714 µg/g and in environmentally unexposed subjects 0.113-1.627 and 0.028-8.108 µg/g, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between Pb hair and nail concentrations in exposed subjects at P<0.05, as compared to unexposed subjects and Cd hair and nail in exposed, as well as unexposed subjects. With respect to exposure, levels of Pb in hair and nails were found to be significant in exposed subjects, compared to unexposed ones and levels of Cd were significant only in nails of exposed ones. With respect to age, no significant correlation was found between hair and nail Pb and Cd concentrations in both exposed and unexposed subjects.