Assessing Barriers to IoT Implementation in Circular Systems using Spherical Fuzzy AHP Approach

Abstract

The implementation of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies is vital for enabling circular systems that enhance resource efficiency and sustainability. However, several barriers hinder the successful implementation of IoT in such frameworks. This study employs the Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (SF-AHP) to identify, classify, and prioritize these barriers under uncertainty. Based on a combination of literature review and expert input, the barriers were grouped into four main categories: technical, financial, data and security, and infrastructure-related challenges. The findings reveal that data privacy and security concerns, technological complexity, and high initial costs are the most critical obstacles. Among all, data-related issues emerged as the top concern, reflecting the importance of trust, legal clarity, and cyber security in IoT implementation. Technical and financial barriers also significantly impact implementation, while infrastructure challenges are comparatively less severe. The study provides a structured decision-making framework to guide stakeholders in addressing high-priority barriers, facilitating the integration of IoT into circular economy models.