Esterification of levulinic acid with alcohol catalyzed by hierarchically porous ZSM-5 zeolites: A study on catalyst efficiency and product selectivity

Abstract

This study evaluates the catalytic performance of ZSM-5 zeolites synthesized using corn stem pith powder as a hard template in the esterification of levulinic acid with 1-proponal and heptanol. The structural and textural properties of the zeolites have been characterized, revealing a hierarchical porous nature. The catalytic activity of the ZSM-5 is assessed in the esterification of levulinic acid with 1-propanol and heptanol, yielding corresponding esters with high selectivity. The effects of reaction parameters, including temperature, molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction time, are systematically studied to optimize reaction conditions. The reusability and stability of the catalyst are evaluated through multiple reaction cycles. The results are compared with those obtained using conventional ZSM-5, highlighting the advantages of the meso porous structure. This study provides valuable insights into the design of hierarchical zeolite catalysts for green and sustainable chemistry applications. The use of corn stem pith powder as a hard template enhances the textural properties of the zeolite while promoting sustainability and resource efficiency.