Pharmacognostical and phytochemical study of Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. with in- vivo evaluation of its anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory activities

Abstract

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. has been an integral part of traditional remedies for cancer, wounds, bone fractures, burns, and rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to scientifically evaluate traditional use of this plant focusing on the antioxidant and anti-arthritic potential of its hydroalcoholic bark extract (HBDP). Qualitative phytochemical investigation of the extract unveiled the presence of key secondary metabolites steroids, triterpenoids, tannins together with phenolic and polyphenolic classes of compounds. Quantitative analysis of the overall phenolic and flavonoid concentrations revealed 168.75 milligrams gallic acid equivalents per gram and 52.86 milligrams quercetin per gram, respectively. Oxidant-neutralizing capacity was demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (IC50: 54.18 μg mL⁻¹) and hydroxyl radical inhibition (IC50: 43.93 μg mL⁻¹), indicating significant free radical-neutralizing potential. No prior scientific data on the anti-rheumatic activity of D. pentagyna Roxb. was available. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate its effects on inflammation and changes in bone morphology in animal model of arthritis (Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced). The extract significantly reduced paw edema and remedied functional parameters such as joint mobility and weight-bearing. It also decreased pro-inflammatory markers and prevented joint deformation. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated decreased cartilage destruction, reduced cellular infiltration, and improved bone marrow status. Additionally, the treatment restored disrupted haematological parameters like RBC count, haemoglobin levels, and WBC count. These findings suggest that Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. bark extract exhibits potent reducing power and anti-arthritic properties, endorsing its established medicinal usage.