Design, simulation, and experimental validation of a corrugated morphing airfoil actuated by SMA-Spring mechanism

Abstract

This research paper has presented the design, numerical analysis, and experimental validation of a bio-inspired morphing airfoil actuated through shape memory alloy (SMA) wire and spring elements. To facilitate controlled deflection, a corrugated morphing section has been embedded within an eppler airfoil, which has been selected through comparative aerodynamic analysis against a standard NACA 0012 profile. Finite element simulations have been conducted using ANSYS software to investigate tip deflection performance across varying morphing region lengths and actuator placements. A lightweight, three-dimensionally printed prototype incorporating shape memory alloy components has been developed and has been thoroughly evaluated using direct electrical heating methods. Experimental findings have shown a 4 mm downward deflection for a 1 mm actuator wire contraction, which has closely matched the numerical simulation predictions. To demonstrate scalability, a full-span wing prototype has been assembled utilizing three independent, actuated airfoil segments. The successful actuation of this system has validated the feasibility of shape memory alloy-driven morphing as a viable, lightweight alternative to traditional servo-based mechanisms in micro air vehicles and low-speed unmanned aerial vehicles. Furthermore, this research has established a practical foundation for future work aimed at enabling bi-directional actuation for enhanced aerodynamic control and maneuverability.